HSolvePassive.cpp

Go to the documentation of this file.

/**********************************************************************
** This program is part of 'MOOSE', the
** Messaging Object Oriented Simulation Environment.
**   copyright (C) 2003-2007 Upinder S. Bhalla, Niraj Dudani and NCBS
** It is made available under the terms of the
** GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1
** See the file COPYING.LIB for the full notice.
**********************************************************************/

#include "HSolvePassive.h"

extern ostream& operator <<( ostream& s, const HinesMatrix& m );

void HSolvePassive::setup( Id seed, double dt )
{
    clear();
    dt_ = dt;
    walkTree( seed );
    initialize();
    storeTree();
    HinesMatrix::setup( tree_, dt_ );
}

void HSolvePassive::solve()
{
    updateMatrix();
    forwardEliminate();
    backwardSubstitute();
}

// Setup of data structures.

void HSolvePassive::clear()
{
    dt_ = 0.0;
    compartment_.clear();
    compartmentId_.clear();
    V_.clear();
    tree_.clear();
    inject_.clear();
}

void HSolvePassive::walkTree( Id seed )
{
    //~ // Dirty call to explicitly call the compartments reinitFunc.
    //~ // Should be removed eventually, and replaced with a cleaner way to
    //~ // initialize the model being read.
    //~ HSolveUtils::initialize( seed );

    // Find leaf node
    Id previous;
    vector< Id > adjacent;
    HSolveUtils::adjacent( seed, adjacent );
    if ( adjacent.size() > 1 )
        while ( !adjacent.empty() )
        {
            previous = seed;
            seed = adjacent[ 0 ];

            adjacent.clear();
            HSolveUtils::adjacent( seed, previous, adjacent );
        }

    // Depth-first search
    vector< vector< Id > > cstack;
    Id above;
    Id current;
    cstack.resize( 1 );
    cstack[ 0 ].push_back( seed );
    while ( !cstack.empty() )
    {
        vector< Id >& top = cstack.back();

        if ( top.empty() )
        {
            cstack.pop_back();
            if ( !cstack.empty() )
                cstack.back().pop_back();
        }
        else
        {
            if ( cstack.size() > 1 )
                above = cstack[ cstack.size() - 2 ].back();

            current = top.back();
            compartmentId_.push_back( current );

            cstack.resize( cstack.size() + 1 );
            HSolveUtils::adjacent( current, above, cstack.back() );
        }
    }

    // Compartments get ordered according to their hines' indices once this
    // list is reversed.
    reverse( compartmentId_.begin(), compartmentId_.end() );
}

void HSolvePassive::initialize()
{
    nCompt_ = compartmentId_.size();

    double Vm, Cm, Em, Rm, inject;
    double EmLeak, GmLeak;
    double EmGmThev, GmThev;

    vector< Id > leakage;
    vector< Id >::iterator ileakage;

    for ( unsigned int ic = 0; ic < compartmentId_.size(); ++ic )
    {
        Id cc = compartmentId_[ ic ];

        Vm = Field< double >::get( cc, "Vm" );
        Cm = Field< double >::get( cc, "Cm" );
        Em = Field< double >::get( cc, "Em" );
        Rm = Field< double >::get( cc, "Rm" );
        inject = Field< double >::get( cc, "inject" );
        V_.push_back( Vm );

        /*
         *  If there are 'n' leakage channels with reversal potentials:
         *       E[ 1 ] ... E[ n ]
         *  and resistances:
         *       R[ 1 ] ... R[ n ]
         *  respectively, then the membrane circuit can be represented by the
         *  Thevenin equivalent circuit with:
         *
         *  R_thevenin = 1 / sum( 1 / R[ i ] )
         *             = 1 / sum( G[ i ] )
         *  E_thevenin = sum( E[ i ] / R[ i ] ) * R_thevenin
         *             = sum( E[ i ] * G[ i ] ) * R_thevenin
         *
         *  Here we have to add original membrane potential Em as E[ 0 ] and
         *  resistance Rm as R[ 0 ].
         */
        GmThev   = 1.0 / Rm;
        EmGmThev = Em / Rm;

        HSolveUtils::leakageChannels( compartmentId_[ ic ], leakage );
        for ( ileakage = leakage.begin();
                ileakage != leakage.end();
                ileakage++ )
        {
            EmLeak = Field< double >::get( *ileakage, "Ek" );
            GmLeak = Field< double >::get( *ileakage, "Gk" );
            GmThev   += GmLeak;
            EmGmThev += EmLeak * GmLeak;
        }

//        RmThev = 1.0 / GmThev;

        CompartmentStruct compartment;
        compartment.CmByDt = 2.0 * Cm / dt_;
        compartment.EmByRm = EmGmThev;
        compartment_.push_back( compartment );

        if ( inject != 0.0 )
        {
            inject_[ ic ].injectVarying = 0.0;
            inject_[ ic ].injectBasal = inject;
        }
    }
}

void HSolvePassive::storeTree()
{
    double Ra, Rm, Cm, Em, initVm;

    // Create a map from the MOOSE Id to Hines' index.
    map< Id, unsigned int > hinesIndex;
    for ( unsigned int ic = 0; ic < nCompt_; ++ic )
        hinesIndex[ compartmentId_[ ic ] ] = ic;

    vector< Id > childId;
    vector< Id >::iterator child;

    vector< Id >::iterator ic;

    for ( ic = compartmentId_.begin(); ic != compartmentId_.end(); ++ic )
    {
        childId.clear();

        HSolveUtils::children( *ic, childId );
        Ra = Field< double >::get( *ic, "Ra" );
        Cm = Field< double >::get( *ic, "Cm" );
        Rm = Field< double >::get( *ic, "Rm" );
        Em = Field< double >::get( *ic, "Em" );
        initVm = Field< double >::get( *ic, "initVm" );

        TreeNodeStruct node;
        // Push hines' indices of children
        for ( child = childId.begin(); child != childId.end(); ++child )
            node.children.push_back( hinesIndex[ *child ] );

        node.Ra = Ra;
        node.Rm = Rm;
        node.Cm = Cm;
        node.Em = Em;
        node.initVm = initVm;

        tree_.push_back( node );
    }
}

// Numerical integration.

void HSolvePassive::updateMatrix()
{
    /*
     * Copy contents of HJCopy_ into HJ_. Cannot do a vector assign() because
     * iterators to HJ_ get invalidated in MS VC++
     */
    if ( HJ_.size() != 0 )
        memcpy( &HJ_[ 0 ], &HJCopy_[ 0 ], sizeof( double ) * HJ_.size() );

    vector< double >::iterator ihs = HS_.begin();
    vector< double >::iterator iv  = V_.begin();

    vector< CompartmentStruct >::iterator ic;
    for ( ic = compartment_.begin(); ic != compartment_.end(); ++ic )
    {
        *ihs         = *( 2 + ihs );
        *( 3 + ihs ) = *iv * ic->CmByDt + ic->EmByRm;

        ihs += 4, ++iv;
    }

    map< unsigned int, InjectStruct >::iterator inject;
    for ( inject = inject_.begin(); inject != inject_.end(); inject++ )
    {
        unsigned int ic = inject->first;
        InjectStruct& value = inject->second;

        HS_[ 4 * ic + 3 ] += value.injectVarying + value.injectBasal;

        value.injectVarying = 0.0;
    }

    stage_ = 0;    // Update done.
}

void HSolvePassive::forwardEliminate()
{
    unsigned int ic = 0;
    vector< double >::iterator ihs = HS_.begin();
    vector< vdIterator >::iterator iop = operand_.begin();
    vector< JunctionStruct >::iterator junction;

    double pivot;
    double division;
    unsigned int index;
    unsigned int rank;
    for ( junction = junction_.begin();
            junction != junction_.end();
            junction++ )
    {
        index = junction->index;
        rank = junction->rank;

        while ( ic < index )
        {
            *( ihs + 4 ) -= *( ihs + 1 ) / *ihs **( ihs + 1 );
            *( ihs + 7 ) -= *( ihs + 1 ) / *ihs **( ihs + 3 );

            ++ic, ihs += 4;
        }

        pivot = *ihs;
        if ( rank == 1 )
        {
            vdIterator j = *iop;
            vdIterator s = *( iop + 1 );

            division    = *( j + 1 ) / pivot;
            *( s )     -= division **j;
            *( s + 3 ) -= division **( ihs + 3 );

            iop += 3;
        }
        else if ( rank == 2 )
        {
            vdIterator j = *iop;
            vdIterator s;

            s           = *( iop + 1 );
            division    = *( j + 1 ) / pivot;
            *( s )     -= division **j;
            *( j + 4 ) -= division **( j + 2 );
            *( s + 3 ) -= division **( ihs + 3 );

            s           = *( iop + 3 );
            division    = *( j + 3 ) / pivot;
            *( j + 5 ) -= division **j;
            *( s )     -= division **( j + 2 );
            *( s + 3 ) -= division **( ihs + 3 );

            iop += 5;
        }
        else
        {
            vector< vdIterator >::iterator
            end = iop + 3 * rank * ( rank + 1 );
            for ( ; iop < end; iop += 3 )
                **iop -= **( iop + 2 ) / pivot ***( iop + 1 );
        }

        ++ic, ihs += 4;
    }

    while ( ic < nCompt_ - 1 )
    {
        *( ihs + 4 ) -= *( ihs + 1 ) / *ihs **( ihs + 1 );
        *( ihs + 7 ) -= *( ihs + 1 ) / *ihs **( ihs + 3 );

        ++ic, ihs += 4;
    }

    stage_ = 1;    // Forward elimination done.
}

void HSolvePassive::backwardSubstitute()
{
    int ic = nCompt_ - 1;
    vector< double >::reverse_iterator ivmid = VMid_.rbegin();
    vector< double >::reverse_iterator iv = V_.rbegin();
    vector< double >::reverse_iterator ihs = HS_.rbegin();
    vector< vdIterator >::reverse_iterator iop = operand_.rbegin();
    vector< vdIterator >::reverse_iterator ibop = backOperand_.rbegin();
    vector< JunctionStruct >::reverse_iterator junction;

    *ivmid = *ihs / *( ihs + 3 );
    *iv = 2 * *ivmid - *iv;
    --ic, ++ivmid, ++iv, ihs += 4;

    int index;
    int rank;
    for ( junction = junction_.rbegin();
            junction != junction_.rend();
            junction++ )
    {
        index = junction->index;
        rank = junction->rank;

        while ( ic > index )
        {
            *ivmid = ( *ihs - *( ihs + 2 ) **( ivmid - 1 ) ) / *( ihs + 3 );
            *iv = 2 * *ivmid - *iv;

            --ic, ++ivmid, ++iv, ihs += 4;
        }

        if ( rank == 1 )
        {
            *ivmid = ( *ihs - **iop ***( iop + 2 ) ) / *( ihs + 3 );

            iop += 3;
        }
        else if ( rank == 2 )
        {
            vdIterator v0 = *( iop );
            vdIterator v1 = *( iop + 2 );
            vdIterator j  = *( iop + 4 );

            *ivmid = ( *ihs
                       - *v0 **( j + 2 )
                       - *v1 **j
                     ) / *( ihs + 3 );

            iop += 5;
        }
        else
        {
            *ivmid = *ihs;
            for ( int i = 0; i < rank; ++i )
            {
                *ivmid -= **ibop ***( ibop + 1 );
                ibop += 2;
            }
            *ivmid /= *( ihs + 3 );

            iop += 3 * rank * ( rank + 1 );
        }

        *iv = 2 * *ivmid - *iv;
        --ic, ++ivmid, ++iv, ihs += 4;
    }

    while ( ic >= 0 )
    {
        *ivmid = ( *ihs - *( ihs + 2 ) **( ivmid - 1 ) ) / *( ihs + 3 );
        *iv = 2 * *ivmid - *iv;

        --ic, ++ivmid, ++iv, ihs += 4;
    }

    stage_ = 2;    // Backward substitution done.
}

// Public interface.

double HSolvePassive::getV( unsigned int row ) const
{
    return V_[ row ];
}


#ifdef DO_UNIT_TESTS

//~ #include "../element/Neutral.h"
//~ #include "../utility/utility.h"
//~ #include <sstream>

#include <limits>
template< class T >
bool isClose( T a, T b, T tolerance )
{
    T epsilon = std::numeric_limits< T >::epsilon();

    if ( a == b )
        return true;

    if ( a == 0 || b == 0 )
        return ( fabs( a - b ) < tolerance * epsilon );

    return (
               fabs( ( a - b ) / a ) < tolerance * epsilon
               &&
               fabs( ( a - b ) / b ) < tolerance * epsilon
           );
}

#include <sstream>
#include "../shell/Shell.h"
#include "../basecode/global.h"
#include "TestHSolve.h"
void testHSolvePassive()
{
//    TEST_BEGIN;
    Shell* shell = reinterpret_cast< Shell* >( Id().eref().data() );

    vector< int* > childArray;
    vector< unsigned int > childArraySize;

    int childArray_1[ ] =
    {
        /* c0  */  -1,
        /* c1  */  -1, 0,
        /* c2  */  -1, 1,
        /* c3  */  -1,
        /* c4  */  -1, 3,
        /* c5  */  -1,
        /* c6  */  -1, 5,
        /* c7  */  -1, 4, 6,
        /* c8  */  -1, 7,
        /* c9  */  -1, 8,
        /* c10 */  -1,
        /* c11 */  -1, 10,
        /* c12 */  -1,
        /* c13 */  -1, 12,
        /* c14 */  -1, 11, 13,
        /* c15 */  -1, 14, 16,
        /* c16 */  -1, 17,
        /* c17 */  -1, 2, 9, 18,
        /* c18 */  -1, 19,
        /* c19 */  -1,
    };

    childArray.push_back( childArray_1 );
    childArraySize.push_back( sizeof( childArray_1 ) / sizeof( int ) );

    int childArray_2[ ] =
    {
        /* c0  */  -1,
        /* c1  */  -1,
        /* c2  */  -1, 0, 1, 3,
        /* c3  */  -1,
    };

    childArray.push_back( childArray_2 );
    childArraySize.push_back( sizeof( childArray_2 ) / sizeof( int ) );

    int childArray_3[ ] =
    {
        /* c0  */  -1, 2,
        /* c1  */  -1,
        /* c2  */  -1, 1, 3,
        /* c3  */  -1,
    };

    childArray.push_back( childArray_3 );
    childArraySize.push_back( sizeof( childArray_3 ) / sizeof( int ) );

    int childArray_4[ ] =
    {
        /* c0  */  -1,
        /* c1  */  -1,
        /* c2  */  -1, 0, 1,
        /* c3  */  -1, 2,
    };

    childArray.push_back( childArray_4 );
    childArraySize.push_back( sizeof( childArray_4 ) / sizeof( int ) );

    int childArray_5[ ] =
    {
        /* c0  */  -1,
        /* c1  */  -1, 2,
        /* c2  */  -1, 0, 4,
        /* c3  */  -1,
        /* c4  */  -1, 3, 5,
        /* c5  */  -1,
    };

    childArray.push_back( childArray_5 );
    childArraySize.push_back( sizeof( childArray_5 ) / sizeof( int ) );

    int childArray_6[ ] =
    {
        /* c0  */  -1,
        /* c1  */  -1,
        /* c2  */  -1,
        /* c3  */  -1, 4,
        /* c4  */  -1, 0, 1, 2, 5, 6,
        /* c5  */  -1,
        /* c6  */  -1,
    };

    childArray.push_back( childArray_6 );
    childArraySize.push_back( sizeof( childArray_6 ) / sizeof( int ) );

    int childArray_7[ ] =
    {
        /* c0  */  -1,
    };

    childArray.push_back( childArray_7 );
    childArraySize.push_back( sizeof( childArray_7 ) / sizeof( int ) );

    int childArray_8[ ] =
    {
        /* c0  */  -1,
        /* c1  */  -1, 0, 2,
        /* c2  */  -1,
    };

    childArray.push_back( childArray_8 );
    childArraySize.push_back( sizeof( childArray_8 ) / sizeof( int ) );

    int childArray_9[ ] =
    {
        /* c0  */  -1, 1,
        /* c1  */  -1, 2,
        /* c2  */  -1,
    };

    childArray.push_back( childArray_9 );
    childArraySize.push_back( sizeof( childArray_9 ) / sizeof( int ) );

    // Run tests
    /*
     * Solver instance.
     */
    HSolvePassive HP;

    /*
     * This is the full reference matrix which will be compared to its sparse
     * implementation.
     */
    vector< vector< double > > matrix;

    /*
     * Model details.
     */
    double dt = 1.0;
    vector< TreeNodeStruct > tree;
    vector< double > Em;
    vector< double > B;
    vector< double > V;
    vector< double > VMid;

    /*
     * Loop over cells.
     */
    int i;
    int j;
    //~ bool success;
    int nCompt;
    int* array;
    unsigned int arraySize;
    for ( unsigned int cell = 0; cell < childArray.size(); cell++ )
    {
        array = childArray[ cell ];
        arraySize = childArraySize[ cell ];
        nCompt = count( array, array + arraySize, -1 );

        // Prepare local information on cell
        tree.clear();
        tree.resize( nCompt );
        Em.clear();
        V.clear();
        for ( i = 0; i < nCompt; i++ )
        {
            tree[ i ].Ra = 15.0 + 3.0 * i;
            tree[ i ].Rm = 45.0 + 15.0 * i;
            tree[ i ].Cm = 500.0 + 200.0 * i * i;
            Em.push_back( -0.06 );
            V.push_back( -0.06 + 0.01 * i );
        }

        int count = -1;
        for ( unsigned int a = 0; a < arraySize; a++ )
            if ( array[ a ] == -1 )
                count++;
            else
                tree[ count ].children.push_back( array[ a ] );

        // Create cell inside moose; setup solver.
        Id n = shell->doCreate( "Neutral", Id(), "n", 1 );

        vector< Id > c( nCompt );
        for ( i = 0; i < nCompt; i++ )
        {
            ostringstream name;
            name << "c" << i;
            c[ i ] = shell->doCreate( "Compartment", n, name.str() , 1);

            Field< double >::set( c[ i ], "Ra", tree[ i ].Ra );
            Field< double >::set( c[ i ], "Rm", tree[ i ].Rm );
            Field< double >::set( c[ i ], "Cm", tree[ i ].Cm );
            Field< double >::set( c[ i ], "Em", Em[ i ] );
            Field< double >::set( c[ i ], "initVm", V[ i ] );
            Field< double >::set( c[ i ], "Vm", V[ i ] );
        }

        for ( i = 0; i < nCompt; i++ )
        {
            vector< unsigned int >& child = tree[ i ].children;
            for ( j = 0; j < ( int )( child.size() ); j++ )
            {
                ObjId mid = shell->doAddMsg(
                                "Single", c[ i ], "axial", c[ child[ j ] ], "raxial" );
                ASSERT( ! mid.bad(), "Creating test model" );
            }
        }

        HP.setup( c[ 0 ], dt );

        /*
         * Here we check if the cell was read in correctly by the solver.
         * This test only checks if all the created compartments were read in.
         * It doesn't check if they have been assigned hines' indices correctly.
         */
        vector< Id >& hc = HP.compartmentId_;
        ASSERT( ( int )( hc.size() ) == nCompt, "Tree traversal" );
        for ( i = 0; i < nCompt; i++ )
            ASSERT(
                find( hc.begin(), hc.end(), c[ i ] ) != hc.end(), "Tree traversal"
            );

        // Setup local matrix

        /*
         * First we need to ensure that the hines' indices for the local model
         * and those inside the solver match. If the numbering is different,
         * then the matrices will not agree.
         *
         * In the following, we find out the indices assigned by the solver,
         * and impose them on the local data structures.
         */

        // Figure out new indices
        vector< unsigned int > permutation( nCompt );
        for ( i = 0; i < nCompt; i++ )
        {
            unsigned int newIndex =
                find( hc.begin(), hc.end(), c[ i ] ) - hc.begin();
            permutation[ i ] = newIndex;
        }

        // Shuffle compartment properties according to new order
        permute< TreeNodeStruct >( tree, permutation );
        permute< double >( Em, permutation );
        permute< double >( V, permutation );

        // Update indices of children
        for ( i = 0; i < nCompt; i++ )
        {
            vector< unsigned int >& child = tree[ i ].children;
            for ( j = 0; j < ( int )( child.size() ); j++ )
                child[ j ] = permutation[ child[ j ] ];
        }

        // Create local reference matrix
        makeFullMatrix( tree, dt, matrix );
        VMid.resize( nCompt );
        B.resize( nCompt );

        vector< vector< double > > matrixCopy;
        matrixCopy.assign( matrix.begin(), matrix.end() );

        // Run comparisons
        double tolerance;

        /*
         * Compare initial matrices
         */

        tolerance = 2.0;

        for ( i = 0; i < nCompt; ++i )
            for ( j = 0; j < nCompt; ++j )
            {
                ostringstream error;
                error << "Testing matrix construction:"
                      << " Cell# " << cell + 1
                      << " A(" << i << ", " << j << ")";
                ASSERT (
                    isClose< double >( HP.getA( i, j ), matrix[ i ][ j ], tolerance ),
                    error.str()
                );
            }

        /*
         *
         * Gaussian elimination
         *
         */

        tolerance = 4.0; // ratio to machine epsilon

        for ( int pass = 0; pass < 2; pass++ )
        {
            /*
             * First update terms in the equation. This involves setting up the B
             * in Ax = B, using the latest voltage values. Also, the coefficients
             * stored in A have to be restored to their original values, since
             * the matrix is modified at the end of every pass of gaussian
             * elimination.
             */

            // Do so in the solver..
            HP.updateMatrix();

            // ..locally..
            matrix.assign( matrixCopy.begin(), matrixCopy.end() );

            for ( i = 0; i < nCompt; i++ )
                B[ i ] =
                    V[ i ] * tree[ i ].Cm / ( dt / 2.0 ) +
                    Em[ i ] / tree[ i ].Rm;

            // ..and compare B.
            for ( i = 0; i < nCompt; ++i )
            {
                ostringstream error;
                error << "Updating right-hand side values:"
                      << " Pass " << pass
                      << " Cell# " << cell + 1
                      << " B(" << i << ")";
                ASSERT (
                    isClose< double >( HP.getB( i ), B[ i ], tolerance ),
                    error.str()
                );
            }

            /*
             *  Forward elimination..
             */

            // ..in solver..
            HP.forwardEliminate();

            // ..and locally..
            int k;
            for ( i = 0; i < nCompt - 1; i++ )
                for ( j = i + 1; j < nCompt; j++ )
                {
                    double div = matrix[ j ][ i ] / matrix[ i ][ i ];
                    for ( k = 0; k < nCompt; k++ )
                        matrix[ j ][ k ] -= div * matrix[ i ][ k ];
                    B[ j ] -= div * B[ i ];
                }

            // ..then compare A..
            for ( i = 0; i < nCompt; ++i )
                for ( j = 0; j < nCompt; ++j )
                {
                    ostringstream error;
                    error << "Forward elimination:"
                          << " Pass " << pass
                          << " Cell# " << cell + 1
                          << " A(" << i << ", " << j << ")";
                    ASSERT (
                        isClose< double >( HP.getA( i, j ), matrix[ i ][ j ], tolerance ),
                        error.str()
                    );
                }

            // ..and also B.
            for ( i = 0; i < nCompt; ++i )
            {
                ostringstream error;
                error << "Forward elimination:"
                      << " Pass " << pass
                      << " Cell# " << cell + 1
                      << " B(" << i << ")";
                ASSERT (
                    isClose< double >( HP.getB( i ), B[ i ], tolerance ),
                    error.str()
                );
            }

            /*
             *  Backward substitution..
             */

            // ..in solver..
            HP.backwardSubstitute();

            // ..and full back-sub on local matrix equation..
            for ( i = nCompt - 1; i >= 0; i-- )
            {
                VMid[ i ] = B[ i ];

                for ( j = nCompt - 1; j > i; j-- )
                    VMid[ i ] -= VMid[ j ] * matrix[ i ][ j ];

                VMid[ i ] /= matrix[ i ][ i ];

                V[ i ] = 2 * VMid[ i ] - V[ i ];
            }

            // ..and then compare VMid.
            for ( i = nCompt - 1; i >= 0; i-- )
            {
                ostringstream error;
                error << "Back substitution:"
                      << " Pass " << pass
                      << " Cell# " << cell + 1
                      << " VMid(" << i << ")";
                ASSERT (
                    isClose< double >( HP.getVMid( i ), VMid[ i ], tolerance ),
                    error.str()
                );
            }

            for ( i = nCompt - 1; i >= 0; i-- )
            {
                ostringstream error;
                error << "Back substitution:"
                      << " Pass " << pass
                      << " Cell# " << cell + 1
                      << " V(" << i << ")";
                ASSERT (
                    isClose< double >( HP.getV( i ), V[ i ], tolerance ),
                    error.str()
                );
            }
        }

        // cleanup
        shell->doDelete( n );
    }
    cout << "." << flush;

//    TEST_END;
}

#endif // DO_UNIT_TESTS